Atmospheric Corrosion Of Copper Research Articles

Corrosion of Copper in a Tropical Marine Atmosphere Rich in H2S Resulting from the Decomposition of Sargassum Algae

The atmospheric corrosion of copper exposed in Martinique (Caribbean Sea) for 1 year was reported. This island suffered the stranding of sargassum algae, which decompose and release toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) or ammonia (NH3). Four sites in Martinique (France) more or less impacted by sargassum algae strandings were selected. The corrosion rate was studied via mass loss determination. The morphology and properties of the corrosion products were determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The samples were exposed for up to 12 months. The mass loss results after 1-year exposure were from 4.8 µm for the least impacted site to 325 µm for the site most affected by sargassum algae. This very high value proves that the presence of sargassum algae caused a significant degradation of copper. The morphological structures and properties of the corrosion products obtained at the impacted and non-impacted sites differed significantly. In the absence of sargassum algae, classical corrosion products of copper were reported such as Cu2O and Cu2Cl(OH)3. In the sites near the stranding of the sargassum algae, the CuS product is the main corrosion product obtained, but copper hydroxylsulfate is created.

Synergistic inhibition of azoles compounds on chloride-induced atmospheric corrosion of copper: Experimental and theoretical characterization

Synergistic implementation of corrosion inhibitors is an efficient and economic method for metal protection. The adsorption dynamics and inhibition behavior of 2-phenyl imidazoline (2-PI) and benzotriazole (BTA) are investigated in atmospheric and aqueous environments by electrochemical and quartz crystal microbalance sensors. Moreover, their synergistic mechanisms are illustrated from molecule scales by theoretical calculations. Electrochemical tests show that 2-PI and BTA exhibit promising synergistic effects on the corrosion of copper with inhibition efficiency up to 99.1% in 0.1 mol/L NaCl solution and 94.1% in the atmosphere, respectively. In addition, the adsorption kinetics of inhibitors on copper obey a pseudo-first-order kinetic model characteristic of exponential damping. Quantum chemical and molecule dynamic calculations also suggest that there exists an intermolecular interaction between 2-PI and BTA molecules in a parallel adsorption manner when they are co-adsorbed on the surface of copper.

Corrosion Behavior of Copper Exposed in Marine Tropical Atmosphere in Rapa Nui (Easter Island) Chile 20 Years after MICAT

Atmospheric corrosion of copper, exposed on a tropical island in the South-Central Pacific Ocean, was reported and compared with those of a very similar study at the same site conducted 20 years earlier. The new measurements—taken over three years of exposure, from 2010 to 2013—quantified corrosion by mass loss, characterized corrosion products by X-ray diffraction (DRX) and Raman techniques, observed the attack morphology by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and evaluated the patina resistance using electrochemical techniques. The results showed a copper corrosivity category of C4, and the main copper patina compound, cuprite, was porous, nonhomogeneous, and thin. Electrochemical measurements showed cuprite layer growth as a function of the exposure time, and the morphology did not favor corrosion protection. Finally, when comparing the results to those of a study 22 years previous, the copper corrosion rates increased only slightly, even with increased contaminants associated with growing local populations and continuous tourism on the island.

Atmospheric Corrosion of Copper by an Acid-Producing Aspergillus versicolor in the Presence of Chloride

Atmospheric Corrosion of Copper by an Acid-Producing Aspergillus versicolor in the Presence of Chloride

Investigation on initial atmospheric corrosion of copper and inhibition performance of 2-phenyl imidazoline based on electrical resistance sensors

The initial atmospheric corrosion of copper was investigated by electrical resistance sensor under different environmental factors (relative humidity, temperature, and NaCl loading density). The corrosion rate of Cu increases evidently with NaCl loading density, temperature and RH, but decreases with prolonged test. 2-phenyl imidazoline (2-PI) presents increasing inhibition efficiency on Cu with elevated temperatures at low NaCl loading density (≤40 μg/cm2), mainly due to that elevated temperature enhances the vapour pressure of 2-PI, however, 2-PI shows inferior performance on pre-corroded Cu at high NaCl loading density, possibly due to that the defective corrosion product layer formed at high RH retards the adsorption of 2-PI. Finally, molecular dynamic simulations were conducted to evidence the competitive adsorption advantage of 2-PI against H2O on Cu2O surface through chelation of 1-N of imidazoline with Cu(I).

Inhibition of 2-phenyl imidazoline on chloride-induced initial atmospheric corrosion of copper by quartz crystal microbalance and electrochemical impedance

Initial atmospheric corrosion of clean copper and NaCl-deposited copper was investigated by quartz crystal microbalance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. 2-phenyl imidazoline (2-PI) exhibits increasing inhibition efficiency with temperature on chloride-induced atmospheric corrosion of Cu. However, on the NaCl-deposited Cu, adsorption amount of 2-PI is much higher than that on clean Cu possibly due to that rough corrosion products entrap lots of 2-PI molecules. The adsorption of 2-PI on corroded Cu is suggested to obey a capillary condensation and entrapment mechanism, but in dry argon atmosphere, it obeys a simple pseudo first-order model for lack of corrosion products.

Effects of moisture content, temperature and pollutant mixture on atmospheric corrosion of copper and silver and implications for the environmental design of data centers (RP-1755)

The effects of moisture content, temperature and pollutant mixture on atmospheric corrosion of copper and silver were investigated by exposing test specimens to different environmental conditions, followed by surface characterization using the coulometric reduction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM/EDS). Printed circuit board test cards (PCBs) with bare copper were also used to investigate the effects of voltage bias on the PCBs on the corrosion rate. The test specimens were exposed to mixed flowing gases (MFG) environment with 8 different combinations of the following five pollutants at the fixed concentration levels: 60 ppb O3, 80 ppb NO2, 40 ppb SO2, 2 ppb Cl2 and 10 ppb H2S. Temperature and relative humidity were varied from a reference condition (210C and 50% RH which is within the current ASHRAE-recommended thermal envelope) to a higher value (28  C, 70% RH or 80% RH) to effect the moisture content of the test environment. The test results revealed the dominating effect of Cl2 on copper corrosion and that of H2S on silver corrosion. Increasing the moisture content at 21  C caused more severe corrosion for copper when Cl2 was present, but not for silver. When temperature was increased from 21  C to 28  C at 50% RH, it reduced the corrosion on copper, but not on silver. Voltage biased PCBs had a less effect on corrosion than PCBs without the bias. These results could be used for possible expansion of the ASHRAE-recommended thermal envelope for data centers when Cl2 and H2S are not present, and limit the thermal envelope when Cl2 or H2S are present.

Atmospheric corrosion in two different urban environments in Portugal: results of one-year exposure

ABSTRACTAn atmospheric corrosion campaign was carried out to update the information on the environmental corrosivity in Portugal, available from earlier MICAT and ICP-Materials projects. This communication summarises the initial atmospheric corrosion of copper, zinc and grey cast iron in the cities of Coimbra and Aveiro. The new data was produced in the scope of the project TRAPHIC, which aimed at evaluating the effects of air pollution on materials in the city of Coimbra. Samples of the three metals were exposed in three different locations and the surface modifications were monitored over time together with the local environmental conditions. Chromatic alterations in copper and zinc were analysed and corrosion products were characterised using SEM/EDS. First-year corrosion rates were measured for the three locations to complement the national corrosivity map. Results indicate the reduction of acidic pollution and decreasing of corrosion rates over the past 30 years in Portugal.

New Insights into Synthetic Copper Greens: The Search for Specific Signatures by Raman and Infrared Spectroscopy for Their Characterization in Medieval Artworks

A systematic investigation of medieval copper green pigments was carried out based on written sources: 21 manuscripts, dating from 50–70 to 1755 AD, were sourced and 77 recipes were selected, translating into 44 experiments. Reconstructions from medieval recipes were prepared and characterized through a multianalytical approach to disclose the original pigment formulation that is often described as verdigris. Based on the results obtained, we propose three main groups of copper green pigments, group 1, in which only Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O is formed; group 2, where this acetate is found together with copper oxalates; group 3, in which atacamite is present as the major green component or as a signature compound. The products formed are in perfect agreement with that predicted by the state-of-the-art research on the mechanisms of atmospheric corrosion of copper. This knowledge, together with our experience on craft recipes to prepare medieval paint materials, allowed us to recover a lost medieval recipe to produce a copper green pigment based mainly on atacamite, a basic copper chloride, which has been recently detected, by Raman and infrared spectroscopy, in artworks ranging from Catalonia and the Crown of Aragon panel painting to Islamic manuscripts.

Evaluation of the Protective Efficiency of IFKhAN-114 Volatile Inhibitor against Atmospheric Corrosion of Copper by Polarization Measurements

To simulate conditions for evaluating the inhibition efficiency of an IFKhAN-114 volatile inhibitor under atmospheric corrosion of copper in the presence in the air of two corrosion promoters CO2 + NH3 or H2S + NH3, polarization measurements were performed. For this purpose, 0.1 M NaCl solution containing, in a wide range of concentrations, the products of the hydrolysis of ammonium carbonate or ammonium sulfide was used. Comparison of the data obtained through weight loss tests (the first method) and polarization measurements (the second method) showed that the latter approach allows obtaining only qualitative data, which, however, requires significantly less time than the first one.

Monitoring of atmospheric corrosion and dewing process by interlacing copper electrode sensor

A novel dewing sensor consisting of two interlacing (comb-like) copper electrodes was fabricated by photolithography to monitor the formation and evaporation process of thin electrolyte layer (TEL), as well as atmospheric corrosion of copper during wetting-drying and high-low temperature cyclic tests. Thanks to the ultra-narrow space between the comb-like electrodes, the sensor can probe earlier dew condensation on Cu even at low relative humidity. Moreover, the thickness of TEL can be easily calculated based on high-frequency impedance during the drying process of TEL.

Effect of Visible Light Illumination on the Atmospheric Corrosion Behaviors of Pure Copper Pre-deposited with NaCl Particles

Metallic materials serving in the atmospheric environments are usually exposed to solar light illumination. The aim of this work is to determine how the visible light illumination affects the atmospheric corrosion of copper. The mass gains and mass losses after laboratory exposure at different conditions were obtained, and the corrosion morphologies, corrosion products and the electrochemical/photoelectrochemical properties of the corrosion products were analyzed in the present paper. The visible light illumination significantly promoted the atmospheric corrosion of copper. Due to the photoelectrochemical effect, the corrosion products, which possess n-type semiconductor properties, generate the photoinduced electrons and holes. The photoinduced electrons promote the reduction of the dissolved oxygen in the thin NaCl electrolyte layer on the surface of copper, while the photoinduced holes capture the electrons released from the anodic dissolution of the copper substrate, thus accelerating the atmospheric corrosion process of copper under visible light illumination.

Corrosion of Copper in Unpolluted Chloride-Rich Atmospheres

The atmospheric corrosion of copper in pure coastal atmospheres has not been extensively studied. This paper presents the results of research carried out in pure coastal atmospheres with annual chloride deposition rates of between 110–1640 mg/m2·d. Copper specimens (99.99 wt % Cu) were exposed for 3, 6, 9, and 12 months at six testing stations located at different distances from the seashore. Tests were performed to determine the copper corrosion rate, the surface area coated with corrosion products, and the evolution of both magnitudes with exposure time. Conventional and grazing X-ray diffraction techniques were used to analyze the corrosion products formed—cuprite and the polymorphs botallackite, atacamite, and clinoatacamite—and their presence through the patina thickness, while scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry was employed to study the morphology of the resulting corrosion layers. The most relevant findings are a notable increase in atacamite and clinoatacamite formation at higher atmospheric salinity levels and longer exposure times, and the flaking-off of the corrosion product layer formed in the marine atmospheres with the highest chloride deposition rates.

Study on the Mechanism of the Photoelectrochemical Effect on the Initial NaCl-Induced Atmospheric Corrosion Process of Pure Copper Exposed in Humidified Pure Air

The mechanism of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) effect of the corrosion products with semiconductor properties on the initial NaCl-induced atmospheric corrosion of pure copper was studied in this work. The effect of UV illumination on the initial NaCl-induced atmospheric corrosion of pure copper was quantitatively studied using microgravimetry. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to identify the corrosion products and corrosion morphologies. Mott-Schottky methods were used to characterize the semiconductor type of the corrosion products. The photoinduced variations of the open circuit potentials, current densities, i-V curves and the polarization curves were used to analyze the PEC effect of the corrosion products with semiconductor properties on the corrosion of copper. UV illumination significantly increased the NaCl-induced atmospheric corrosion rate of copper. The photoinduced electrons did not transfer to the copper substrate, on the contrary, the photogenerated holes captured the electrons from the copper substrate, thus accelerating the atmospheric corrosion process of pure copper. The detailed influencing mechanism of the PEC effect on the NaCl-induced atmospheric corrosion of copper was suggested in this paper.

Facile and sorely conductive EDA electrode fabrication @ copper-graphene oxide context for fibromyalgia and myriad bio-medical diagnosis demand

Electrodes play a vital and huge role in the field of bio-medical. In order to eliminate the atmospheric corrosion of copper and silver which causes Red plague on the surface of electrodeand to increase its efficiency for carrying microampere current signal from the human body to the processing unit, graphene oxide is synthesised with the copper. Due to its high conductivity andlarge surface area graphitized basal plane structure and the possibilities of mass manufacturing is available at low cost.Accordingly graphene oxide in solid state or in solution through Co-60, Pm-147, and Ti-204 have been investigated as catalyst support to design EDA (Electro Dermal Activity)electrode to diagnose fibromyalgia. All materials were synthesized by the method of chemical oxidation and graphite oxide exfoliation, and results were confirmed by characteristic analysis. The resultant structural and morphological properties were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The XRD pattern clearly showed the formation of graphene oxidewhich was also confirmed by SEM images.An important aspect, its high conduction of micro signals travelling from the body to EDA/GSR (Galvanic Skin Response) instrument via resultant electrode is 13.8% more efficient than the existing electrodes like Cu/Ag/AgCl (Copper/Silver/Silver-chloride) which was confirmed by the variation in body resistance with respect to the voltage at constant current of 5 micro-amperes.

Atmospheric corrosion of copper and silver influenced by particulate matter

The atmospheric corrosion of copper and silver influenced by graphite and alumina as particulate matter (PM) in an environment containing 200 μg m−3 SO2 + 150 μg m−3 NO2 at 85% RH and 25 °C was analyzed. Different proportions of PM mixture conditions were used, and the corrosion rate was followed using gravimetric analysis. Results of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and coulometric reduction (CR) indicated that larger corrosion rates were obtained in the presence of deposited PM. Under present exposure conditions, copper corrosion rate was larger than silver corrosion rate. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows the presence of cuprite (Cu2O) and brochantite (Cu4SO4(OH)6) in the case of copper and achantite (Ag2S) in the case of silver.

Atmospheric corrosion of copper exposed to different environments in the region of Valparaiso, Chile

This article presents the results obtained for the atmospheric corrosion of copper after 3 years of exposure at different sites within the region of Valparaiso, Chile. Frames were installed with samples at seven sites located close to the coast and inland. They were accompanied by devices to measure atmospheric chloride and sulphur dioxide content and weather stations to obtain data on temperature, humidity, amount of rainfall and wind speed. The results show a correlation between corrosion rate and the environmental and meteorological conditions in the area, and with the morphology and electrochemical properties of the corrosion product formed on the copper surface. The sites gave corrosivity categories of C5, C4, C3 and C2. The behaviour of corrosion rate was modelled using power function models and neural networks. The main corrosion products were cuprite, posnjankite, covelite and atacamite.

Measurement and GIS‐based spatial modelling of copper corrosion in different environments in Europe

Despite having generally excellent corrosion resistance copper is still susceptible to several forms of corrosion. To obtain accurate and current information about atmospheric corrosion of copper in Europe, two different approaches are implemented. The copper corrosion is assessed at 17 European test sites with different climates after 1 year exposure to weathering. These results are tested against to other available international corrosion datasets and the effects of different environmental parameters on corrosion are discussed. In a second approach, GIS‐based spatial modelling of atmospheric corrosion for Europe according to the corrosivity function from ISO 9223/2012 is performed and the modelled results compared with the measured results. Spatial modelling is also implemented to predict the future development of copper corrosion in Europe. Therefore, pollution and climatic scenarios dataset are integrated into the dose‐response function for copper.

Evaluation of copper atmospheric corrosion in different environments of Iran

In this study, atmospheric corrosion of copper exposed for 4 years in 12 different cities of Iran with various climatic characteristics was determined by weight loss method. Also, the corrosivity index of each city was classified using environmental factors according to the ISO 9223 standard. The results indicated good agreement between two approaches recommended by ISO standards. Accordingly, the corrosion rate of copper in Iran can be predicted according to the empirical kinetic equation (). Morphology, chemical composition and crystalline phases of patinas in cities with different kinetic behaviours were compared via SEM, EDS and XRD, respectively.

Atmospheric Corrosion of Copper Exposed in a Simulated Coastal-Industrial Atmosphere

The corrosion behavior of copper exposed in a simulated coastal-industrial atmosphere has been investigated using weight loss measurement, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, potentiodynamic polarization and in-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with micro-distance electrodes. The results show that corrosion kinetics follows the empirical equation D = Atn. The main corrosion products are composed of Cu2O, Cu2Cl(OH)3 and Cu4Cl2(OH)6. A two-layer structure comprising a loose outer layer and a compact inner layer forms the corrosion products during corrosion process. SO2 has been found to promote the formation of Cu4Cl2(OH)6.